Pricing

Warning: mkdir() [function.mkdir]: Permission denied in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 12

Warning: mkdir() [function.mkdir]: No such file or directory in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 12

Warning: fopen(/home/templatecore2cache//*cluesnet.com/a9/a9d40f4e4e7bd184aab37a80822c10cef2b6cd22.tc2cache) [function.fopen]: failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 130

Warning: fwrite(): supplied argument is not a valid stream resource in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 131

Warning: fclose(): supplied argument is not a valid stream resource in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 132

Pricing is one of the four p's of the marketing mix. The other three aspects are product management, promotion (marketing), and place. It is also a key variable in microeconomic price allocation theory.

Pricing is the manual or automatic process of applying prices to purchase and sales orders, based on factors such as: a fixed amount, quantity break, promotion or sales campaign, specific vendor quote, price prevailing on entry, shipment or invoice date, combination of multiple orders or lines, and many others. Automated systems require more setup and maintenance but may prevent pricing errors.

Questions involved in pricing Pricing involves asking questions like:

How much to charge for a product (business) or service? This question is a typical starting point for discussions about pricing, however, a better question for a vendor to ask is - How much do customers value the products, services, and other intangibles that the vendor provides.
What are the pricing objectives?
Do we use profit maximization?
How to set the price?: (cost-plus pricing, demand based or value-based pricing, rate of return pricing, or competitor indexing)
Should there be a single price or multiple pricing?
Should prices change in various geographical areas, referred to as zone pricing?
Should there be quantity discounts?
What prices are competitors charging?
Do you use a price skimming strategy or a penetration pricing strategy?
What image do you want the price to convey?
Do you use psychological pricing?
How important are customer price sensitivity (e.g. "sticker shock") and price elasticity of demand issues?
Can real-time pricing be used?
Is price discrimination or yield management appropriate?
Are there legal restrictions on retail price maintenance, price collusion, or price discrimination?
Do price points already exist for the product category?
How flexible can we be in pricing? : The more competitive the industry, the less flexibility we have.

The price floor is determined by production, costs, and pricing like costs (often only variable costs are taken into account), economies of scale, marginal cost, and degree of operating leverage
The price ceiling is determined by demand factors like price elasticity and price points

Are there transfer pricing considerations?
What is the chance of getting involved in a price wars?
How visible should the price be? - Should the price be neutral? (ie.: not an important differentiating factor), should it be highly visible? (to help promote a low priced economy product, or to reinforce the prestige image of a quality product), or should it be hidden? (so as to allow marketers to generate interest in the product unhindered by price considerations).
Are there joint product pricing considerations?
What are the non-price costs of purchasing the product? (eg.: travel time to the store, wait time in the store, dissagreeable elements associated with the product purchase - dentist -> pain, fishmarket -> smells)
What sort of payments should be accepted? (cash, cheque, credit card, barter) Pricing

Process of determining what a company will receive in exchange for its products.

What a price should do A well chosen price should do three things :

achieve the financial goals of the firm (eg.: profitability)
fit the realities of the marketplace (will customers buy at that price?)
support a product's positioning (marketing) and be consistent with the other variables in the marketing mix

price is influenced by the type of distribution channel used, the type of promotions used, and the quality of the product

price will usually need to be relatively high if manufacturing is expensive, distribution is exclusive, and the product is supported by extensive advertising and promotion (marketing)
a low price can be a viable substitute for product quality, effective promotions, or an energetic selling effort by distributors

From the marketers point of view, an efficient price is a price that is very close to the maximum that customers are prepared to pay. In economic terms, it is a price that shifts most of the consumer economic surplus to the producer.

Definitions of Pricing The effective price is the price the company receives after accounting for discounts, promotions, and other incentives.

Price lining is the use of a limited number of prices for all your product offerings. This is a tradition started in the old five and dime stores in which everything cost either 5 or 10 cents. Its underlying rationale is that these amounts are seen as suitable price points for a whole range of products by prospective customers. It has the advantage of ease of administering, but the disadvantage of inflexibility, particularly in times of inflation or unstable prices.

A loss leader is a product that has a price set below the operating margin. This results in a loss to the enterprise on that particular item, but this is done in the hope that it will draw customers into the store and that some of those customers will buy other, higher margin items.

Promotional pricing refers to an instance where pricing is the key element of the marketing mix.

The price/quality relationship refers to the perception by most consumers that a relatively high price is a sign of good quality. The belief in this relationship is most important with complex products that are hard to test, and experiential products that cannot be tested until used (such as most services). The greater the uncertainty surrounding a product, the more consumers depend on the price/quality hypothesis and the more of a premium they are prepared to pay. The classic example of this is the pricing of the snack cake Twinkies, which were perceived as low quality when the price was lowered. Note, however, that excessive reliance on the price/quantity relationship by consumers may lead to the raising of prices on all products and services, even those of low quality, which in turn causes the price/quality relationship to no longer apply.

Premium pricing (also called prestige pricing) is the strategy of pricing at, or near, the high end of the possible price range. People will buy a premium priced product because:

They believe the high price is an indication of good quality;

They believe it to be a sign of self worth - "They are worth it" - It authenticates their success and status - It is a signal to others that they are a member of an exclusive group; and

They require flawless performance in this application - The cost of product malfunction is too high to buy anything but the best - example : heart pacemaker

The term Goldilocks pricing is commonly used to describe the practice of providing a "gold-plated" version of a product at a premium price in order to make the next-lower priced option look more reasonably priced; for example, encouraging customers to see business-class airline seats as good value for money by offering an even higher priced first-class option. Similarly, third-class railway carriages in Victorian England are said to have been built without windows, not so much to punish third-class customers (for which there was no economic incentive), as to motivate those who could afford second-class seats to pay for them instead of taking the cheaper option. This is also known as a potential result of price discrimination.

The name derives from the Goldilocks story, in which Goldilocks chose neither the hottest nor the coldest porridge, but instead the one that was "just right". More technically, this form of pricing exploits the general cognitive bias of aversion to extremes.

Demand-based pricing is any pricing method that uses consumer demand - based on perceived value - as the central element. These include : price skimming, price discrimination, price points, psychological pricing, product bundling, penetration pricing, price lining, value-based pricing, Geo (marketing) and premium pricing.

Pricing Approaches Pricing as the most effective profit lever. ({{cite book: | last = Dolan, Simon | title = Power Pricing | publisher = [The Free Press | date = 1996 | isbn = 0-684-83443-X-->) Pricing can be approached at three levels. The industry, market, and transaction level. ({{cite book | last = Marn, Roegner, Zawada | title =The Price Advantage | publisher = [John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-471-46669-7-->)

Pricing at the industry level focuses on the overall economics of the industry, including supplier price changes and customer demand changes.

Pricing at the market level focuses on the competitive position of the price in comparison to the value differential of the product to that of comparative competing products.

Pricing at the transaction level focuses on managing the implementation of discounts away from the reference, or list price, which occur both on and off the invoice or receipt.

See also

Product life cycle management
Price elasticity of demand
Time based pricing
Suggested retail price
Purchasing power
Psychological pricing
Market-Adaptive Pricing

Protx: Pricing
Protx is committed to providing a fully featured and high quality service at an exceptionally competitive price. Not only are our rates amongst the lowest in the industry, but ...

Protx: Pricing
Pricing Detail. Small Business Service. For customers who process less than 1,000 transactions per quarter, the Small Business Service offers the simplest and most affordable ...

M6 Toll - Overview
Pricing Overview Tag customers save money – 5% discount on every journey ... All prices include VAT and for those businesses that are able to claim back their VAT ...

EMB Consultancy LLP - Pricing
EMB is a specialist non-life insurance and reinsurance actuarial consultancy with industry-leading actuarial software.

Pricing Details
Pricing For pricing information, please email sales@codework.com

Pricing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pricing is one of the four p's of the marketing mix. The other three aspects are product, promotion, and place. It is also a key variable in microeconomic price allocation theory.

United Utilities web site :: Pricing
Search and plans price lists ... Searches Price; Domestic Search £42.72: Expedited Domestic Search (24 hours) £65.81

hollywood bowl - Pricing
Please note that different price bands apply for different bowls, please locate your local bowl before calculating your price. Off-Peak / Peak Pricing

Streetcar - Pricing
Streetcar - The self-service pay-as-you-go car ... Usage Rates. Being a member of Streetcar allows you access to our whole network of cars as well as our new vans.

Pricing
Pricing ... Cabin Pricing . You can choose to take a quick escape with a short break of 3 or 4 days or a longer stay to fully rejuvenate. Short break prices start at just £109 for ...